To clarify some principles, aspects and features of this branch of the IT sphere, both beginners and experienced users often ask us a large number of questions. Although I'm not sure if the amount of user questions will decrease, I'll do my best to provide some helpful information. Even if you don't use hosting, this information may still be informative.

Firstly, I want to mention that I haven't personally seen the internal workings of root DNS servers (level zero), nor the DNS servers responsible for certain domain zones (first level). Therefore, I will be discussing DNS servers of the second level that I am more familiar with. Let's start with the basics.

When you create a website and want to place it on the web, you might choose to use a hosting provider and a free domain name. Once you register your domain, the registrar company sends the DNS server of the zone (.com in our example) information about the new domain, as well as information about DNS servers (layer 2 servers) to be referenced when requesting the IP address of the website of this domain. If you haven't yet chosen a hosting company, you won't have specified any DNS servers for the domain. In this case, the registrar assigns its own DNS servers (second level) to the domain or does not assign any at all.

To open your website from the hosting company you've chosen, you'll need to register the DNS server (second level) of this hosting company in the settings of the purchased domain. The hosting provider should provide you with a list of their DNS servers, which can be added manually or through the technical support of the registrar company where you purchased the domain.

Once your website is up and running, you can explore what is stored in the DNS servers (second level) of the hosting provider. These servers are essentially a database that store records about the domains they serve. Each record consists of at least three fields - record content, record type, and record value. The most commonly used record types are A (address), AAAA (address in IPv6 format), MX (mail exchanger), and NS (name server), and they each serve a specific purpose for the domain.

Let's take a look at the records stored by the DNS servers (second level) of the hosting provider of the domain example yaldex.com. The types of records stored include SOA (start of authority), TXT (text string), CNAME (canonical name), and SRV (pointer to servers with any services).

Firstly, there is a TXT record that helps mail from the domain yaldex.com go through google servers and successfully delivered to recipients' mailboxes. Next, the SOA record is analyzed, which contains information such as the primary DNS server, the serial number (which changes with each change in the content of the record), refresh, retry, expiration time, and minimum negative response caching time.

Following the SOA record, there are four NS records that report domain information can also be found on these DNS servers. After the NS records come the MX records, which specify the mail exchanger for the domain and the order in which they should be used. It's interesting to see how these records can help us understand the inner workings of the DNS servers and how they function in providing domain name resolution.

Can you use an algorithm for this process?
I am looking to purchase a cost-effective virtual machine to conduct experiments on DO and host a website about poetry, cats, and other interests.
Furthermore, I aim to learn how to set up a mail server, VPN, deploy owncloud, and more.
Which step should come first? Registering a domain before purchasing a VPS, or vice versa? Or does it not matter at all? It's important to consider the order of these steps to ensure a smooth and efficient setup process.

I have a question regarding DNS server setup. If I open port 53 to the outside and allocate an address, then I start receiving thousands of requests from the server in a short amount of time, with a volume of around 10 megabytes.

What is the reason for this and why is it happening? As an experiment, I want to mess up my personal DNS server on a Debian 8. Would I get any profit if the ping is 100 to the provider, but only 1ms to my personal home DNS mirror?

I'm just curious as to whether it's worth experimenting with this topic. Additionally, attaching a caching proxy would be interesting for those with slow or limited internet connections. It's fascinating to explore the possibilities of DNS server setup and testing, and experimenting with different configurations can lead to valuable insights and improvements.

What can be done with a stame, which is an IP address associated with a domain that acts as both a node and a host? Can a CNAME be used for virtual hosts that share a common IP address but each have their own domain name? How can the addition of CNAME records be useful in these scenarios and what happens if they don't exist?

I am trying to understand the practical applications of these concepts for those who are less familiar with the technical details. It can be challenging to navigate through the complexities of DNS server setup, but having a clear understanding of the purpose and function of key elements such as stame and CNAME records is essential. These tools allow for efficient domain management and can significantly impact the overall performance and reliability of web services.

Let's talk about the different levels of DNS servers. There's the root DNS servers (level zero), which are responsible for directing traffic to the top-level domains (TLDs) such as.com,.net, and.org. Then there's the TLD DNS servers (level one), which are responsible for directing traffic to the second-level DNS servers. And finally, there's the second-level DNS servers, which are responsible for directing traffic to the actual websites.
I'm most familiar with the second-level DNS servers, so that's what I'll be focusing on. When you register a domain name, you need to specify the DNS servers that will be responsible for directing traffic to your website. If you don't specify any DNS servers, the registrar will usually assign their own DNS servers to your domain.

Once you've set up your DNS servers, you can start configuring the records that will direct traffic to your website. The most common types of records are A records, which map a domain name to an IP address, and MX records, which specify the mail exchanger for a domain.

In addition to A and MX records, there are also other types of records that can be used to configure DNS servers. For example, CNAME records can be used to map a subdomain to a different domain name, while TXT records can be used to specify additional information about a domain.

One of the most interesting things about DNS servers is how they use a system of caching to improve performance. When a user requests a website, their browser will typically cache the DNS record for a certain amount of time, so that subsequent requests can be directed to the website more quickly. This caching system is what allows DNS servers to handle a large volume of requests without becoming overwhelmed.

In the case of the domain yaldex.com, the DNS servers are configured with a variety of records, including SOA records, TXT records, CNAME records, and SRV records. The SOA record specifies the primary DNS server for the domain, as well as the serial number, refresh time, retry time, expiration time, and minimum negative response caching time.

The TXT record is used to specify additional information about the domain, such as the mail exchanger. The CNAME records are used to map subdomains to different domain names, while the SRV records are used to specify the location of servers that provide specific services.